Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery
Anthropometric and aesthetic analysis of the Indian American woman's face☆
Section snippets
Methods
This was a prospective cohort study of 102 IAW. Participants were aged 18–30 years with both parents of Indian descent. Subjects were excluded if they had a history of facial trauma or surgery. Digital photographs (Nikon 8700, Nikon Corp, Tokyo, Japan) were acquired in frontal, lateral and basal views. A metric ruler was included in each image for calibration of measurements. All subjects filled out a self-esteem survey. For each of 32 facial features, a score from 1 to 5 indicated the degree
Results
Anthropometric facial measurements for IAW and norms for NAWW were compared (Table 1). Significant differences were found in 25 of 30 measurements. With respect to the five canons, all facial proportions were statistically different between IAW and NAWW (Table 2). In the aesthetic analysis, the mean score for all subjects was 5.5 (range: 1–10). Bivariate analysis revealed six measurements that correlated with higher aesthetic scores: shorter midface height 2, larger intercanthal distance,
Discussion
The concept of facial attractiveness is a complex assimilation of innate perceptions and cultural stereotypes.12 In multiple cultures, young children gaze longer at attractive faces, suggesting that some perceptions of attractiveness are genetic in origin and are cross-cultural.13 Darwin noted that responses to facial expressions are instinctive, as he wrote that grief is interpreted by ‘Europeans in exactly the same way as… the Aboriginal hill tribes of India.’14 Others have discovered the
Conflict of interest, funding and ethical approval statement
There are no conflicts of interest to disclose. There are no personal relationships of any author with any organisation. No one has any financial interest in this publication, and there has been no funding for this study. This study was given ethical approval by the Institutional Review Board of the University of California, Irvine.
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All authors have complied with the instructions and do accept the conditions posed by JPRAS. They have seen and agreed to the submitted version of the paper and bear responsibility for it. All contributors declare that this material is original and has been neither published elsewhere nor submitted for publication simultaneously. If accepted, the paper will not be published elsewhere in the same or similar form, in English or in any other language, without written consent of the copyright holder. There are no conflicts of interest, and there has not been any funding for this study.