Corticosteroids reduce SNOT-22 scores by 16 points in CRS.

Endoscopic outcomes improve significantly with corticosteroid use.

Local therapy cuts systemic steroid dependence by 70%.

No increased risk of serious adverse events observed.

Tezepelumab improves CRSwNP symptoms and polyp burden.

Tezepelumab reduces nasal congestion and loss of smell in CRSwNP.

Tezepelumab is effective in patients with CRSwNP and comorbid asthma.

Tezepelumab lowers systemic corticosteroid and surgical needs.

Tezepelumab targets upstream inflammation, including T2 and non-T2 types.

Most of methods to evaluate lingual frenulum lack internal or external validation.

The diagnosis of submucosal lingual frenulum is controversial.

Ankyloglossia does not cause speech delay, dysphagia, sleep apnoea or reflux.

Lingual frenotomy may reduce maternal pain during breastfeeding.

No surgical technique or instrument in frenectomy is superior to another.

A nomogram predicts cognitive decline in self-reported hearing-impaired older adults.

Education, urban living, and social activity are key protective factors.

The model shows good performance (AUC 0.728–0.768; C-index >0.71).

Risk scores differ significantly across demographic subgroups.

The nomogram facilitates early identification and targeted prevention.

An affordable set was developed for endonasal surgical training.

Senior rhinologists rated its anatomical accuracy and haptics as realistic.

The set offers a practical solution for repetitive surgical practice.